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Democratization in Eastern Europe prompted warnings about the risks of the process for the many multi-ethnic countries of the region. Yet, the Yugoslav tragedy remains the exception rather than the rule in understanding interethnic relations. This work analyzes post-communist Romania and Slovakia, two multi-ethnic countries that have steered clear of interethnic violence despite the absence of institutions specially designed to manage interethnic relations, despite the exclusion of ethnic minorities from government and despite quasi-majoritarian political environments. In the two studied cases, interethnic opposition coalitions resulted from the adoption of basic democratic political institutions, which constrained actors across the ethnic divide to cooperate. More broadly, this work questions the notion that multiethnic countries are unlikely candidates for peaceful democratization and suggests that as long as participation in democratic processes, either in government or in opposition, is possible for ethnic minorities, violent conflict can be averted. The argument is of interest to both scholars of conflict and peace studies and to policy makers involved in conflict prevention..
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This digital document is an article from Journal of Studies on Alcohol, published by Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc. on November 1, 2004. The length of the article is 4285 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Objective: This study examines the stress-response-dampening (SRD) hypothesis of alcoholism from a novel vantage point. Various investigators have demonstrated that persons considered to be at risk for developing alcohol-related problems exhibit attenuation of stress reactions in psychologically challenging experimental sessions alter receiving alcohol. These studies have used autonomic nervous system measures for indexing stress responses. In our report we address the question of whether people with a family history of alcoholism exhibit dampening effects of ethanol in the response of a classical stress hormone (i.e., cortisol). Method: Subjects in this report were 46 healthy male and 40 healthy female adult subjects; 36 of the men were sons and 28 of the women were daughters of alcohol-dependent fathers (sons of alcoholics, SOAs; daughters of alcoholics, DOAs); 12 women and 10 men had no family history of any alcohol use disorders (daughters of nonalcoholics, DONAs; sons of nonalcoholics, SONAs). The subjects were part of a large-scale project in which participants received two laboratory sessions with exposure in each to three experimental paradigms involving psychological stress while various psychophysiological and neuroendocrine measures were taken. In one of the sessions alcohol was administered. Results: In the l-hour period after termination of the stress paradigms, SOAs showed significantly lower plasma cortisol levels on laboratory days with alcohol administration than on days without alcohol administration at two of the three poststress sampling points. DOAs, however, did not exhibit a dampening pattern for cortisol. In the two control groups of SONAs and DONAs, no stress response attenuation effects of alcohol were observed. Conclusions: The results of experimental laboratory work with individuals at risk of alcoholism in the present and other studies add to the validity of SRD models of this disorder. Research strategies that should provide direct evidence for the SRD hypothesis are addressed in the Discussion section.

Citation Details
Title: Stress response dampening indexed by cortisol in subjects at risk for alcoholism *.
Author: Bernhard Croissant
Publication:Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Refereed)
Date: November 1, 2004
Publisher: Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.
Volume: 65 Issue: 6 Page: 701(7)

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